I have a 3-Step Plan for you...
Find a Man Named R.G. Keen.
Get A Straw.
Injest Brain.
Or you can read
http://www.geofex.com/ some of the stuff can be hard to find but it'll be in there and then you read it again and all the way through and again, nail this website into your eye.
Also pick peoples brains on sites like DIYstompboxes, the more you start messing with designs and following schematics, the more you'll start working out what all this crap is and if you don't know, you can just ask and someone will answer in almost all cases.
Then if you see it in a circuit you can google the words to see some more information on the subject, don't forget that alot of this stuff isn't limited to stompboxes so it has a wider terminology than you might think.
It's taken me probably 2 years of building and reading to get to the stage i'm at now, all I started with was the know how of how to solder, a few good websites, the parts I sourced for a SHO... and some basic components knowledge, oh and a bit of knowledge of Boolean logic etc. but that was utterly useless at the time.
It just takes time and practice like everything as you develop, you'll see it in circuits and read about it and then can spot it in the circuit and start to connect the dots of what it does.
But search DIYstompboxes, someone will have answered all your questions before.